ESCAPE CODES

CHARACTER REFERENCES FOR HTML & XHTML
This page is divided up into the following sections:
SYMBOLS | PUNCTUATION | MATHS | MORE SYMBOLS AND ARROWS | GREEK | LATIN

Some characters are reserved in XHTML; for example you cannot use the greater than or less than signs or angle brackets within your text beacuse the browser could mistake them for markup. XHTML processors must support the five special characters listed in the table that follows:

Symbols
symbol©
©
Copyright sign
symbol®
®
Registered sign = registered trademark sign
symbol™
™
Trademark sign
Markup-Significant
symbol<
<
Less-than sign
symbol>
>
Greater-than sign
symbol&
&
Ampersand
symbol"
"
Quotation mark / quote
Currency
symbol¢
¢
Cent sign
symbol£
£
Pound sign
symbol¤
¤
Currency sign
symbol¥
¥
Yen sign = yuan sign
symbol€
€
Euro sign

General Punctuation
symbol"
"
Quotation mark / quote
symbol‘
‘
Left single quotation mark
symbol’
’
Right single quotation mark
symbol“
“
Left double quotation mark
symbol”
”
Right double quotation mark
symbol‚
‚
Single low-9 quotation mark
symbol„
„
Double low-9 quotation mark
symbol–
–
En dash
symbol—
—
Em dash

symbol†
†
Dagger
symbol‡
‡
Double dagger
symbol‹
‹
Single left-pointing angle quotation mark (proposed, but not yet standardized)
symbol›
›
Single right-pointing angle quotation mark (proposed, but not yet standardized)
symbol«
«
Left-pointing double angle quotation mark = left-pointing guillemot
symbol»
»
Right-pointing double angle quotation mark = right pointing guillemet
symbol&
&
Ampersand
symbol¶
¶
Pilcrow sign = paragraph sign
symbol↵
↵
Down arrow with corner leftward = carriage return

Maths
symbol−
−
Minus sign
symbol×
×
Multiplication sign
symbol÷
÷
Division sign
symbol√
√
Square root = radical sign
symbol∝
∝
Proportional to
symbol∞
∞
Infinity
symbol∗
∗
Asterisk operator
symbol∠
∠
Angle
symbol°
°
Degree sign
symbol±
±
Plus-minus sign = plus-or-minus sign
symbol¬
¬
Not sign

symbol<
<
Less-than sign
symbol>
>
Greater-than sign
symbol≤
≤
Less than or equal to
symbol≥
≥
Greater than or equal to
symbol∫
∫
Integral
symbol∴
∴
Therefore
symbol∼
∼
Tilde operator = varies with = similar to
symbol≅
≅
Approximately equal to
symbol≈
≈
Almost equal to = asymptotic to
symbol≠
≠
Not equal to
symbol≡
≡
Identical to

symbol∩
∩
Intersection = cap
symbol∪
∪
Union = cup
symbol⊂
⊂
Subset of
symbol⊃
⊃
Superset of
symbol⊄
⊄
Not a subset of
symbol⊆
⊆
Subset of or equal to
symbol⊇
⊇
Superset of or equal to
symbol⊕
⊕
Circled plus = direct sum
symbol⊗
⊗
Circled times = vector product
symbol⊥
⊥
Up tack = orthogonal to = perpendicular
symbolƒ
ƒ
Latin small f with hook = function = florin

symbol¹
¹
Superscript one = superscript digit one
symbol²
²
Superscript two = superscript digit two = squared
symbol³
³
Superscript three = superscript digit three = cubed
symbol¼
¼
Vulgar fraction one-quarter = fraction one-quarter
symbol½
½
Vulgar fraction one-half = fraction one-half
symbol¾
¾
Vulgar fraction three-quarters = fraction three-quarters
symbol⋅
⋅
Dot operator
symbol‰
‰
Per mille sign
symbol∧
∧
Logical and = wedge
symbol&or ;
∨
Logical or = vee

symbol∀
∀
For all
symbol&part ;
∂
Partial differential
symbol∃
∃
There exists
symbol∅
∅
Empty set = null set = diameter
symbol∇
∇
Nabla = backward difference
symbol∈
∈
Element of
symbol∉
∉
Not an element of
symbol∋
∋
Contains as member
symbol∏
∏
n-ary product = product sign
symbol∑
∑
n-ary summation

Miscellaneous Symbols
symbol♠
♠
Spades
symbol♣
♣
Clubs
symbol♥
♥
Hearts
symbol♦
♦
Diamonds
symbol⌈
⌈
Left ceiling
symbol⌉
⌉
Right ceiling
symbol⌊
⌊
Left floor
symbol⌋
⌋
Right floor
symbol⟨
〈
Left-pointing angle bracket
symbol⟩
〉
Right-pointing angle bracket
symbol◊
◊
Lozenge

symbol¨
¨
Diaeresis = spacing diaeresis
symbol´
´
Acute accent = spacing acute
symbol¸
¸
Cedilla = spacing cedilla
symbol¡
¡
Inverted exclamation mark
symbol¿
¿
Inverted question mark = turned question mark
symbol¦
¦
Broken bar = broken vertical bar
symbol­
­
Soft hyphen = discretionary hyphen
symbol¯
¯
Macron = spacing macron = overline = APL overbar
symbol·
·
Middle dot = Georgian comma = Greek middle dot

symbol℘
℘
Script capital P = power set = Weierstrass p
symbolℑ
ℑ
Blackletter capital I = imaginary part
symbolℜ
ℜ
Blackletter capital R = real part symbol
symbolℵ
ℵ
Alef symbol = first transfinite cardinal
symbol§
§
Section sign
symbolª
ª
Feminine ordinal indicator
symbolº
º
Masculine ordinal indicator
symbolµ
µ
Micro sign

Arrows
symbol←
←
Left arrow
symbol↑
↑
Up arrow
symbol→
→
Right arrow
symbol↓
↓
Down arrow
symbol↔
↔
Left-right arrow
symbol↵
↵
Down arrow with corner leftward = carriage return
symbol⇐
⇐
Left double arrow
symbol⇑
⇑
Up double arrow
symbol⇒
⇒
Right double arrow
symbol⇓
⇓
Down double arrow
symbol⇔
⇔
Left-right double arrow

Greek Letters Uppercase
symbolΑ
Α
Greek capital letter alpha
symbolΒ
Β
Greek capital letter beta
symbolΓ
Γ
Greek capital letter gamma
symbolΔ
Δ
Greek capital letter delta
symbolΕ
Ε
Greek capital letter epsilon
symbolΖ
Ζ
Greek capital letter zeta
symbolΗ
Η
Greek capital letter eta
symbolΘ
Θ
Greek capital letter theta
symbolΙ
Ι
Greek capital letter iota
symbolΚ
Κ
Greek capital letter kappa
symbolΛ
Λ
Greek capital letter lambda
symbol&Mu
Μ
Greek capital letter mu
symbolΝ
Ν
Greek capital letter nu
symbolΞ
Ξ
Greek capital letter xi
symbolΟ
Ο
Greek capital letter omicron
symbolΠ
Π
Greek capital letter pi
symbolΡ
Ρ
Greek capital letter rho
symbolΣ
Σ
Greek capital letter sigma
symbolΤ
Τ
Greek capital letter tau
symbolΥ
Υ
Greek capital letter upsilon
symbolΦ
Φ
Greek capital letter phi
symbolΧ
Χ
Greek capital letter chi
symbolΨ
Ψ
Greek capital letter psi
symbolΩ
Ω
Greek capital letter omega


Greek Alphabet Lowercase
symbolα
α
Greek small letter alpha
symbolβ
β
Greek small letter beta
symbolγ
γ
Greek small letter gamma
symbolδ
δ
Greek small letter delta
symbolε
ε
Greek small letter epsilon
symbolζ
ζ
Greek small letter zeta
symbolη
η
Greek small letter eta
symbolθ
θ
Greek small letter theta
symbolι
ι
Greek small letter iota
symbolκ
κ
Greek small letter kappa
symbolλ
λ
Greek small letter lambda
symbolμ
μ
Greek small letter mu
symbolν
ν
Greek small letter nu
symbolξ
ξ
Greek small letter xi
symbolο
ο
Greek small letter omicron
symbolπ
π
Greek small letter pi
symbolρ
ρ
Greek small letter rho
symbolς
ς
Greek small letter final sigma
symbolσ
σ
Greek small Greek sigma
symbolτ
τ
Greek small letter tau
symbolυ
υ
Greek small letter upsilon
symbolφ
φ
Greek small letter phi
symbolχ
χ
Greek small letter chi
symbolψ
ψ
Greek small letter psi
symbolω
ω
Greek small letter omega
symbolϑ
ϑ
Greek small letter theta symbol
symbolϒ
ϒ
Greek upsilon with hook symbol
symbolϖ
ϖ
Greek pi symbol

Latin Characters Uppercase
symbolœ
œ
Latin small ligature oe
symbolÀ
À
Latin capital letter A with grave = Latin capital letter A grave
symbolÁ
Á
Latin capital letter A with acute
symbolÂ
Â
Latin capital letter A with circumflex
symbolÃ
Ã
Latin capital letter A with tilde
symbolÄ
Ä
Latin capital letter A with diaeresis
symbolÅ
Å
Latin capital letter A with ring above = Latin capital letter A ring
symbolÆ
Æ
Latin capital letter AE = Latin capital ligature AE
symbolÇ
Ç
Latin capital letter C with cedilla
symbolÈ
È
Latin capital letter E with grave
symbolÉ
É
Latin capital letter E with acute
symbolÊ
Ê
Latin capital letter E with circumflex
symbolË
Ë
Latin capital letter E with diaeresis
symbolÌ
Ì
Latin capital letter I with grave
symbolÍ
Í
Latin capital letter I with acute
symbolÎ
Î
Latin capital letter I with circumflex
symbolÏ
Ï
Latin capital letter I with diaeresis
symbolÐ
Ð
Latin capital letter ETH
symbolÑ
Ñ
Latin capital letter N with tilde
symbolÒ
Ò
Latin capital letter O with grave
symbolÓ
Ó
Latin capital letter O with acute
symbolÔ
Ô
Latin capital letter O with circumflex
symbolÕ
Õ
Latin capital letter O with tilde
symbolÖ
Ö
Latin capital letter O with diaeresis
symbolØ
Ø
Latin capital letter O with stroke = Latin capital letter O slash
symbolŠ
Š
Latin capital letter S with caron
symbolÙ
Ù
Latin capital letter U with grave
symbolÚ
Ú
Latin capital letter U with acute
symbolÛ
Û
Latin capital letter U with circumflex
symbolÜ
Ü
Latin capital letter U with diaeresis
symbolÝ
Ý
Latin capital letter Y with acute
symbolŸ
Ÿ
Latin capital letter Y with diaeresis
symbolÞ
Þ
Latin capital letter THORN

Latin Characters Lowercase
symbolŒ
Œ
Latin capital ligature OE
symbolß
ß
Latin small letter sharp s = ess-zed
symbolà
à
Latin small letter a with grave = Latin small letter agrave
symbolá
á
Latin small letter a with acute
symbolâ
â
Latin small letter a with circumflex
symbolã
ã
Latin small letter a with tilde
symbolä
ä
Latin small letter a with diaeresis
symbolå
å
Latin small letter a with ring above = Latin small letter a ring
symbolæ
æ
Latin small letter ae = Latin small ligature ae
symbolç
ç
Latin small letter c with cedilla
symbolè
è
Latin small letter e with grave
symbolé
é
Latin small letter e with acute
symbolê
ê
Latin small letter e with circumflex
symbolë
ë
Latin small letter e with diaeresis
symbolƒ
ƒ
Latin small f with hook = function = florin
symbolì
ì
Latin small letter i with grave
symbolí
í
Latin small letter i with acute
symbolî
î
Latin small letter i with circumflex
symbolï
ï
Latin small letter i with diaeresis
symbolð
ð
Latin small letter eth
symbolñ
ñ
Latin small letter n with tilde
symbolò
ò
Latin small letter o with grave
symboló
ó
Latin small letter o with acute
symbolô
ô
Latin small letter o with circumflex
symbolõ
õ
Latin small letter o with tilde
symbolö
ö
Latin small letter o with diaeresis
symbolø
ø
Latin small letter o with stroke, = Latin small letter o slash
symbolù
ù
Latin small letter u with grave
symbolú
ú
Latin small letter u with acute
symbolû
û
Latin small letter u with circumflex
symbolü
ü
Latin small letter u with diaeresis
symbolš
š
Latin small letter s with caron
symbolý
ý
Latin small letter y with acute
symbolÿ
ÿ
Latin small letter y with diaeresis
symbolþþ
 #254;
Latin small letter thorn

To write an element and attribute into your page so that the code is shown to the user rather than being processed by the browser you need to escape the angled brackets and quotation marks. For example to write <div id="character"> you would write:

&lt;div id=&quot;character&quot;&gt;

There is also a long list of special characters that HTML 4.0 processors should support. In order for these to appear in your document, you can use either the numerical code or the entity name. For example to insert a copyright symbol you could use either of the following:

&copy; 2008
&#169; 2008
HOW IT WORKS
Hover over image to view escape code
  • Hover over your chosen symbol
  • The escape code pops up


ADVERTS              please support the advertisers
POPULAR CODES
copyright symbol&copy;
&#169;
Copyright symbol
Copyright &copy; &#169;
symbol&reg;
&#174;
Registered sign = registered trademark sign
Registered trademark &reg; &#174;
symbol&trade;
&#8482;
Trademark sign
Trademark &trade; &#8482;
less than icon&lt;
&#60;
Less-than sign
Less than &lt; &#60;
symbol&gt;
&#62;
Greater-than sign
Greater than &gt; &#62;
symbol&amp;
&#38;
Ampersand
Ampersand &amp; &#38;
symbol&quot;
&#34;
Quotation mark / quote
Quotation mark &quot; &#34;
symbol&cent;
&#162;
Cent sign
Cent &cent; &162;
symbol&pound;
&#163;
Pound sign
Pound &pound; &163;
symbol&curren;
&#164;

Currency sign
Currency &curren; &164;
symbol&yen;
&#165;
Yen sign = yuan sign
Yen &yen; &165;
symbol&euro;
&#8364;
Euro sign
Euro &euro; &8364;
ADVERTS               please support the advertisers